GP-2026-015 | April 2026 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19161177 ABSTRACT Counter-narrative and counter-disinformation programmes have failed systematically against four of the most consequential adversarial formations of the past half-century — not because they were underfunded or poorly designed, but because they were operating at the wrong level. Recognition rather than persuasion is the operative success criterion of political-warfare operations that have achieved d